Tuesday, March 31, 2015
How to perform storage migration from IBM to Hitachi?
How to perform storage migration from IBM to Hitachi?
Please follow the below host based storage migration steps
in dual vio setup.
ü Take
the backup of the Lpar (Mksysb and TSM for datavg), and take the backup of VIOS
(VIOSBR and VIOSBR)
ü Share
the current configuration (IBM disks info) to the storage team (No of disks and
size of the disks), and ask storage people to provide the new Hitachi disks
based on the current configuration.
ü Execute
"cfgmgr"on the vios servers to make sure the newly added Hitachi disks
are available with the correct size and note the LUN info.
ü Change
the disk's attribute like the algorithm and reserve_policy
ü Map
the disks to the lpar with the help of mkvdev command (mkvdev –vadapter vhost#
-vdev hdisk# -dev vtd_name)
ü Come
to the Lpar and then execute the cfgmgr and confirm the number of disks and
size of the disks also the disks having the two path.
ü Change
the attribute of healthcheck_interval
ü Extend
the disks to the VG and then execute the migratepv command (nohup migratepv
IBM_disk Hitachi_disk &)
ü Once
the migraiton is completed, take it out the old IBM disks by executing the
reducevg command (Reducevg datavg IBM_disk)
ü Remove
the disks from the lpar by executing rmdev
ü Now
going to VIOS server and then delete the IBM disks VTD Mapping and then delete
the IBM disks.
ü Once
you delete the IBM disks, ask the storage people to unmap the IBM disks from
their end, once they did, we will execute the cfgmgr and make sure the IBM
disks cannot return back.
Note:
ü Ask
the app people to shutdown the app/DB (This is OPTIONAL if your management
wants to make sure to avoid any risks - we can perform rootvg+datavg migration on
the fly. However if we perform the storage migration on cluster (HACMP)
environment, we need to down the app (In cluster end - bring resource group
offline) to avoid risks.
ü We
can perform the storage migration in SAN based also. Steps are slightly differ
from Host based method.
ü We
can perform the migration by using the below methods.
ü 1.
Migratepv
ü 2.
Mirrorvg
ü 3.
Alt disk install
If you happy with above topic, Kindly rate your reactions/comments below.
Thursday, March 19, 2015
IBM AIX interview questions you should not leave home without?
How to deal with AIX interview questions?
Hi guys Greetings from Howtoaix. I have listed the some set of interview questions below. Please prepare the answer before you gonna attend the interview. Please do share the answers if anyone wish to do it.
Note: will share the advance concept (VIO, NIM, LPAR,DLPAR,HMC) questions in near future.
1. How do
I know if my volume group is normal, big, or scalable?
2. How do
I create a volume group?
3. How can
I change the characteristics of a volume group?
4. How do
I create a logical volume?
5. How do
I increase the size of a logical volume?
6. How do
I display all logical volumes that are part of a volume group (e,g, rootvg)?
7. How do
I list information about logical volumes?
8. How can
I clone the rootvg?
9. How do
I replace a disk?
10. How do
I mirror a logical volume?
11. How
can I display or set values for network parameters?
12. How do
I get the IP address of my machine?
13. How do
I identify the network interfaces on my server?
14. How do
I activate a network interface?
15. How do
I display routing table, interface and protocol information?
16. How
will you create a file if a disk is given to you?
17.
Difference between JFS & JFS2?
18. How
will you find the inode number?
19. How
will you find LTG size?
20. How
will you change LTG size?
21. How
will you find whether a quorum is up or not?
22. How to
copy a LV from one VG to another?
23.
Mirroring concept?
24. How
will you unmirror a VG if a PV gets failed?
25. How
will you change a PP size?
26. T –
Factor?
27. What
is the default PP Size in AIX?
28. How
will you rename a VG?
29. What
is major number?
30. What
will you do if a disk gets failed?
31. How to
enable & disable quorum?
32. What
are the types of error?
33. What
are the error levels severity?
34. What
is the command to see the error log?
35. What
is the command to clear the errorlog?
36. What
is the command to increase the size of error log when it is ful?
37. What
is the command to start , stop, restart and list a demon?
38. When
does error demon start in boot process?
39. Which
file that error daemon stay?
40. Two
states of device availability and explain them?
41. How
will you check whether a device is installed or not?
42. How to
change a 64 bit kernel to 32 bit kernel?
43. How to
change a 32 bit kernel to 64 bit kernel?
44. How
many VGs can be created in a LVM?
45. Types
of VG & explain about them?
46. How to
convert a normal VG to big & scalable VG and also Big to Scalable VG?
47. What
is VGDA, VGSA?
48.
Default dump device?
49.
Default secondary dump device?
50. How
find a system dump?
51. Where
the file does the paging space stay?
52. How
will check whether a fix is installed or not?
53. What
are the two states of installation?
54. How
will you reject a committed fileset?
55. How
will you check whether service pack is installed or not?
56. What
is the latest OS level?
57. How
will you check whether software is installed or not?
58. How do
you find history of a file set?
59. How to
remove a failed package installation?
60. How do
remove the entries of the device in the odm?
61. What
are the types of ODM Database ?
62. ODM
Commands
63. Types
of Installation?
64. Where
does log files resides?
65. How to
unlock user account?
66. How to
lock a user’s account?
67. How do
u take backup of file systems?
68. How
will u restore a file from already take backup using backup?
69. How
will u append a file to a previous archive take by Tar?
70. What
command to take backup other vg’s?
71. What
command to restore backup of non – rootvg?
72. In
which files the installation errors stay?
73. What
are the Error Codes? 201, 221-229, 553, c31, 552,554,556
74. What
is the command to view boot log?
75. what
is the command to configure the devices?
76. what
is the command to list the bootlist?
77. what
is the command to change the boot list order?
78. what
are the fields in /etc/inittab file?
79. What
is the command to find out the kernel bit mode?
80. what
is the difference between mksysb and savevg backup?
81. what
is the command to confirm the mksysb backup is properly taken?
82. What
is the command to list/edit/remove the fields of cronjob?
83. what
file should allow and deny the cron entry?
84. what
command to list out the usage of the paging space?
85. what
command to increase/decrease/remove the paging space?
86. How to
enable and disable the paging space?
87. what
command to remove the installed software?
88. what
command is used to check whether the deamon is running or not?
89. what
is the command to start/stop/refresh the deamon?
90. what
are the areas are managed by ODM?
91. what
command is used to add the IP address?
92. What
is the command to bring down and bring up the network card?
93. what
is the command to create/remove/change the user account?
94. what
is the command to change the password?
95. How to
find out the current run level?
96. How to
find out the speed of the network adapter?
97. can we
able to copy the lv from one vg to another vg? How?
98. what
is the command to perform mirror and unmirror task?
99. How to
find out the broken filesets in aix?
100. How
to find out the FC card details in aix?
101. How
to list out the file with the number on all the lines?
102. How
to come to the last line in the vi editor?
103. what
is the use of R flag in the chmod command?
104. What
is mean by sticky bit and how do you find out?
105. How
to change the prompt in aix?
106. How
to list out last login and log out in aix?
107. How
to scan a particular device in aix?
108. what
is the output of bootinfo with the following options (l,K,r,s,b,p,M,T)?
109. How
to stop and start the error deamon?
110. How
to increase the size of errordeamon?
111. what
is the output of sysdumpdev with the following options (l,e,,Pp,Ps,p,s)?
112. which
file allow and deny the cron?
113. what
is the disadvantage of tar?
114. How
to take tar backup?
115. How
to take a snap shot in aix?
116. What
is the output location of snap? what is the name of the file?
117. what
is the purpose of lppchk command?
118. how
to change the hostname temporarily?
119. How
to change the hostname permanently?
120. What
are all the content of blv?
121. What
is the default kernal location?
122. How
to remove the filesystem info in /etc/filesystems?
123. How
do you list out the filesystems information in vg?
124. What
is the default priority in aix?
125. How
to stop and restart the processs?
126. How
to run a background process in to foreground? (Vice versa)
127. What
are the different directory abbreviation ( )
128. How
to move a directory?
129. How
to rename a file?
130. How
to obtain/monitor the lvm performance?
131. How
to find out the firmware level in aix>
132. How
to confirm the smt is enable or not in the system?
133. How
to list out the top ten users of paging space?
134. How
to list out the top ten users of real memory?
135. How
to find out the available processor in aix>
136. How
to check the system dump is completed successfully?
137. How
to list out the efix?
138. How
to list open files?
139. How
to compress a file in aix?
140. How
to find out the major number of the device?
141. How
to list out the mac address?
142. What
command needs to execute after editing /etc/inittab file?
143. what
is the zoombie or defunct process in aix?
144. Waht
is the purpose of errorlogger?
145. How
to find out the runlevel in aix?
146. How
to find out the file's general information? (What kind of file is this?)
147. what
is the purpose of inutoc?
148. what
is the purpose of savebase command in aix?
149. How
to find out the whether your are working in standalone server or logical
partition?
150. How
to list out the directories and sub-directories of the folder?
Monday, January 26, 2015
What is the difference between extend lv and increasing the filesystem ?
What is the difference between extend lv and increasing the filesystem?
If we increasing the filesystem size, both "filesystem and LV are getting increased", But if we extend the LV means, it will extend (increase) only the size of lv NOT the filesystem. So again we need to increase the filesystem size to take the real effect.
Please see the example below.
here we executing the extendlv command to increase the "cvalv", pls note that there is a change in number of lv from 42 to 45, however there is no size increment on the filesystem.
So the real size of the filesytem (after extendlv) will take effect only after increasing the filesystem. (672 Mb to 720 Mb)
Thats what,all the system admin prefer to increasing the filesytem directly instead of doing extendlv + increasing FS.
The above figure explains about the difference between extend lv and increasing the filesystem.
If you happy with the above topic, please leave your reactions.
Tuesday, December 2, 2014
Useful AIX Commands in day to day activities
Useful AIX Commands in day to day activities
Below I have given you the consolidate AIX Commands. Hope it will really useful for AIXian.
DEVICES
lscfg
|
lists all installed devices
|
lscfg –v
|
lists all installed devices in detail
|
lscfg -vl (device name)
|
lists device details
|
bootinfo –b
|
reports last device the system booted
from
|
bootinfo –k
|
reports keyswitch position 1=secure,
2=service, 3=normal
|
bootinfo –r
|
reports amount of memory (/ by 1024)
|
bootinfo -s
|
(disk device) reports size of disk drive
|
bootinfo –T
|
reports type of machine ie rspc
|
lsattr -El sys0 -a realmem
|
reports amount of useable memory
|
mknod (device) c (major no) (minor no)
|
Creates a /dev/ device file.
|
mknod /dev/null1 c 2 3
|
|
lsdev –C
|
lists all customised devices ie
installed
|
lsdev –P
|
lists all pre-defined devices ie
supported
|
lsdev -(C or P) -c (class) -t (type) -s
(subtype)
|
|
chdev -l (device) -a (attribute)=(new
value)
|
Change a device attribute
|
chdev -l sys0 -a maxuproc=80
|
|
lsattr -EH -l (device) –D
|
Lists the defaults in the pre-defined db
|
lsattr -EH -l sys0 -a modelname
|
|
rmdev -l (device)
|
Change device state from available to
defined
|
rmdev -l (device) –d
|
Delete the device
|
rmdev -l (device) –SR
|
S stops device, R unconfigures child
devices
|
lsresource -l (device)
|
Displays bus resource attributes of a
device.
|
PHYSICAL
VOLUME
Lspv
|
Lists all physical volumes (hard disks)
|
lspv (pv)
|
Lists the physical volume details
|
lspv -l (pv)
|
Lists the logical volumes on the
physical volume
|
lspv -p (pv)
|
Lists the physical partition usage for
that PV
|
chdev -l (pv) -a pv=yes
|
Makes a new hdisk a pysical volume.
|
chpv -v r (pv)
|
Removes a disk from the system.
|
chpv -v a (pv)
|
Adds the removed disk back into the
system.
|
chpv -a y (pv)
|
Changes pv allocatable state to YES
|
chpv -a n (pv)
|
Changes pv allocatable state to NO
|
migratepv (old pv) (new pv)
|
Moves all LV's from one PV to another
PV, both PV's must be in the same volume group
|
Volume
Groups (VG's)
Lsvg
|
Lists all volume groups
|
lsvg (vg)
|
Lists the volume group details
|
lsvg -l (vg)
|
Lists all logical volumes in the volume
group
|
lsvg -p (vg)
|
Lists all physical volumes in the volume
group
|
lsvg –o
|
Lists all varied on volume groups
|
varyonvg (vg)
|
Vary On a volume group
|
varyonvg -f (vg)
|
Forces the varyon process
|
varyonvg -s (vg)
|
Vary on a VG in maintenance mode.
|
LV commands can be used on VG, but LV,s
cannot be opened for I/O.
|
|
varyoffvg (vg)
|
Vary Off a volume group
|
synclvodm (vg)
|
Tries to resync VGDA, LV control blocks
and ODM.
|
mkvg -y(vg) -s(PP size) (pv)
|
Create a volume group example:mkvg -y
datavg -s 4 hdisk1
|
reducevg -d (vg) (pv)
|
Removes a volume group
|
reducevg (vg) (PVID)
|
Removes the PVID disk reference from the
VGDA when a disk has vanished without the reducevg (vg) (pv) command being
run first.
|
extendvg (vg) (new pv)
|
Adds another PV into a VG.
|
exportvg (vg)
|
Exports the volume group eg deletes it!
|
Note:
|
|
• Cannot export a VG if it has active paging space, turn off
paging, reboot before exporting VG.
|
|
• Exporting removes entries from filesystems file but does not
remove the mount points.
|
|
chvg -a y (vg)
|
Auto Vary On a volume group at system
start.
|
lqueryvg -Atp (pv)
|
Details volume group info for the hard
disk.
|
importvg -y (vg name) (pv)
|
Import a volume group from a disk.
|
importvg (pv)
|
Same as above but VG will be called vg00
etc.
|
chvg -Q (y/n) (vg name)
|
Turns on/off Quorum checking on a vg.
|
Logical Volumes (LV's)
lslv (lv)
|
Lists the logical volume details
|
lslv -l (lv)
|
Lists the physical volume which the LV is on
|
mklv (vg) (No of PP's) (pv Name
optional)
|
Create a logical volume
|
mklv -y (lv) (PP's) (pv name optional)
|
Creates a named logical volume
|
chlv -n (new lv) (old lv)
|
Rename a logical volume
|
extendlv (lv) (extra No of PP's)
|
Increase the size of an LV
|
rmlv (lv)
|
Remove a logical volume
|
migratepv -l (lv) (old pv) (new pv)
|
Move a logical volume between physical
volumes.
|
mklv -y (lv) -t jfslog (vg) (No of PP's)
(pv Name optional)
|
Creates a JFSlog logical volume.
|
logform (/dev/lv)
|
Initialises an LV for use as an JFSlog
|
getlvcb -AT (lv)
|
Displays Logical Volume Control Block
information
|
File Systems (FS's)
Lsfs
|
Lists all filesystems
|
lsfs -q (fs)
|
Lists the file system details
|
mount
|
Lists all the mounted filesystems
|
mount (fs or lv)
|
Mounts a named filesystem
|
mount –a
|
Mounts all filesystems
|
mount all
|
|
mount -r -v cdrfs /dev/cd0 /cdrom
|
mounts cd0 drive over /cdrom
|
crfs -v jfs -d(lv) -m(mount point) -A
yes
|
Will create a file system on the whole of
the logical volume, adds entry into/etc/filesystems and will create mount
point directory if it does not exist.
|
crfs -v jfs -g(vg) -m(mount point) -a
size=(size of fs) -A yes
|
Will create a FS on the default logical
volume on the volume group with the size stated. Will add entry into
/etc/filesystems.
|
chfs -A yes (fs)
|
Change file system to Auto mount in
/etc/filesystems
|
chfs -a size=(new fs size)(fs)
|
Change file system size
|
rmfs (fs)
|
Removes the file system and will also
remove the LV if there are no onther file
|
systems on it.
|
|
defrag -q (fs)
|
Reports the fragment status of the file
system.
|
defragfs -r (fs)
|
Runs in report only defrag mode (no
action).
|
defragfs (fs)
|
Defragments a file system.
|
fsck (fs)
|
Verify a file system, the file system
must be unmounted!
|
fsck (-y or -n) (fs)
|
Pre-answer questions either yes or no !
|
fsck -p (fs)
|
Will restore primary superblock from
backup copy if the superblock is corrupt.
|
Mirroring
mklv -y (lv) -c(copies 2 or 3) (vg) (No
of PP's) (PV Name optional)
|
Creates a mirrored named logical volume.
|
mklvcopy -s n (lv) (copies 2 or 3) (pv)
|
Creates a copy of a logical volume onto
another physical volume. The physical volume MUST be in the same volume group
as the orginal logical volume !
|
rmlvcopy (lv) (copies 1 or 2)
|
Removes logical volume copies.
|
rmlvcopy (lv) (copies 1 or 2) (pv)
|
From this pv only!
|
syncvg -p (pv)
|
Synchronize the physical volume
|
syncvg -l (lv)
|
Synchronize logical partion copies
|
syncvg -v (vg)
|
Synchronize the volume group
|
mirrorvg (vg) (pv)
|
Mirrors the all the logical volumes in a
volume group onto a new physical volume. New physical volume must already be
part of the volume group.
|
mirrorvg –S (vg) (pv)
|
Mirrors all the lvs in a volume group in
background. We can access the vg in the meanwhile.
|
BOOT
LOGICAL VOLUME (BLV)
bootlist -m (normal or service) –o
|
displays bootlist
|
bootlist -m (normal or service) (list of
devices)
|
change bootlist
|
bootinfo –b
|
Identifies the bootable disk
|
bootinfo –t
|
Specifies type of boot
|
bosboot -a -d (/dev/pv)
|
Creates a complete boot image on a
physical volume.
|
mkboot -c -d (/dev/pv)
|
Zero's out the boot records on the
physical volume.
|
savebase -d (/dev/pv)
|
Saves customised ODM info onto the boot
device.
|
SYSTEM
DUMP
sysdumpdev –l
|
Lists current dump destination.
|
sysdumpdev –e
|
Estimates dumpsize of the current system
in bytes.
|
sysdumpdev –L
|
Displays information about the previous
dump.
|
sysdumpstart –p
|
Starts a dump and writes to the primary
dump device.
|
sysdumpstart –s
|
Starts a dump and writes to the
secondary dump device.
|
Note :
|
|
(MCA machine can also dump if key is in service position and
the reset button is pressed
|
|
sysdumpdev -p (dump device) -P
|
Sets the default dump device,
permanently
|
echo "stat\n status\n t -m" |
crash \ /var/adm/ras/vmcore.0
|
Analyse dump file
|
PAGING
SPACE (PS's)
lsps –a
|
Lists out all paging space
|
lsps –s
|
Displays total paging and total useage
|
lsps (ps)
|
Display the info about the paging space
|
mkps -s(No of 4M blocks) -n -a (vg)
|
|
mkps -s(No of 4M blocks) -n -a (vg) (pv)
-n = don't activate/swapon now -a = activate/swapon at reboot
|
|
chps -a n (ps)
|
Turns off paging space.
|
chps -s(No of 4M blocks) (ps)
|
Increases paging space.
|
chlv -n (new name) (old name)
|
Change paging space name
|
rmps (ps)
|
Remove paging space. PS must have been
swap off
|
swapon /dev/paging00
|
To swap on the paging space
|
swapoff /dev/paging00
|
To swap off the Paging space
|
/etc/swapspaces
|
File that lists all paging space devices
that are activated/swapon during reboot.
|
SCHEDULING
crontab –l
|
List out crontab entrys
|
crontab –e
|
Edit crontab entrys
|
crontab -l > (filename)
|
Output crontab entrys to a file
|
crontab (filename)
|
Enter a crontab from a file
|
crontab –r
|
Removes all crontab entrys
|
crontab –v
|
Displays crontab submission time.
|
/var/adm/cron/cron.allow
|
File containing users allowed crontab
use.
|
/var/adm/cron/cron.deny
|
File containing users denied crontab
use.
|
/var/adm/cron/crontab
|
Directory containing users crontab
entries.
|
/var/adm/cron/at.allow
|
File containing users allowed at use.
|
/var/adm/cron/at.deny
|
File containing users denied at use.
|
/var/adm/cron/atjobs
|
Directory containing users at entries.
|
USERS
passwd –f
|
Change current users gecos (user
description)
|
passwd –s
|
Change current users shell
|
chfn (username)
|
Changes users gecos
|
chsh (username) (shell)
|
Changes users shell
|
env
|
Displays values of environment variables
|
id
|
Displays current user's uid and gid details
|
id (user)
|
Displays user uid and gid details
|
whoami
|
Displays current user details
|
who am i (or who -m)
|
Displays details of the current user
|
who
|
Displays details of all users currently
logged in.
|
w
|
Displays details of all users currently
logged in.
|
who –b
|
Displays system reboot time
|
uptime
|
Displays number of users logged in, time
since last reboot, and the machine loadaverages.
|
Lslicense Displays number of current
user licensese
|
|
chlicense -u (number)
|
changes the number of user licenses
|
lsuser ALL
|
Lists all users details
|
lsuser (username)
|
Lists details for user
|
lsuser -a(attribute) (username or ALL)
|
Lists user attributes
|
lsuser -a home ALL
|
|
mkuser -a(attributes) (newuser)
|
Add a new user
|
chuser (attributes) (user)
|
Change a user
|
chuser login=false (user)
|
Lock a user account
|
rmuser -p (user)
|
Removes a user and all entries in
security files
|
usrck -t ALL
|
Checks all the user entires are okay.
|
fuser -u (logical volume)
|
Displays processes using the files in
that LV
|
lsattr -D -l sys0 -a maxuproc
|
Displays max number of processes per
user
|
chdev -l sys0 -a maxuproc=(number)
|
Changes max number of processes per user
|
INITTAB
telinit S
|
Switches to single user mode.
|
telinit 2
|
Switches to multi user mode.
|
telinit q
|
Re-examines /etc/inittab
|
lsitab –a
|
Lists all entries in inittab
|
lsitab (ident eg tty1)
|
Lists the tty1 entry in inittab
|
mkitab ("details")
|
Creates a new inittab entry
|
chitab ("details")
|
Edit the inittab entry
|
Ammends an existing inittab entry
|
|
• Example :
|
|
chitab
"tty1:2:respawn:/usr/bin/getty /dev/tty1"
|
|
rmitab (ident eg tty1).
|
Removes an inittab entry
|
ODM
odmget -q "name=lp1" CuDv
|more
|
Gets lp1 info from pre-defined database.
|
odmget -q "name-lp1" CuAt
|more
|
Gets lp1 info from customised database.
|
odmdelete -o CuAt -q
"name=lp1"
|
Deletes lp1 info from customised db.
|
odmget -q "name=lp1" CuAt >
lp1.CuAt
|
Export ODM info to text file.
|
odmadd < lp1.CuAt
|
Import ODM info from text file.
|
ERROR
LOGGING
/usr/lib/errdemon –l
|
Displays errorlog attributes.
|
/usr/lib/errdemon
|
Starts error logging.
|
/usr/lib/errstop
|
Stops error logging.
|
Errpt
|
Displays summary errorlog report.
|
errpt –a
|
Displays detailed errorlog report.
|
errpt -j (identifier)
|
Displays singe errorlog report.
|
Note : errorlog classes are
|
|
• H=Hardware
|
|
• S=Software
|
|
• O=Information
|
|
• V=Undetermined
|
|
errclear (days)
|
Deletes all error classes in the
errorlog.
|
errclear -d (class) (days)
|
Deletes all error class entries in errlog.
|
Note :
|
|
• The errclear command will delete all entries older than the
numbers of days
|
|
specified in the days paramenter.
|
|
• To delete ALL entries used 0.
|
|
errlogger "message up to 1024
chrs"
|
Enters an operator notifaction message
into the errorlog.
|
PERFORMANCE
MONITORING
vmstat (drive) (interval) (count)
|
Reports virtual memory
statistics.example: vmstat hdisk0 5 20
|
vmstat -s
|
Diplays number of paging events since
system start.
|
vmstat –f
|
Diplays number of forks since system
start.
|
vmstat –i
|
Diplays number of interupts by device
since system start.
|
iostat (drive) (interval) (count)
|
Reports i/o and cpu statistics.
|
• Example :
|
|
iostat hdisk0 5 20
|
|
iostat -d (drive) (interval) (count)
|
Limits report to drive statistics.
|
iostat -t (interval) (count)
|
Limits report to tty statistics.
|
sar -u -P ALL 10 10
|
Displays %usr %sys %wio %idle for all
processors
|
DOS
DISKETTES
Dosdir
|
Reads directory listing of a diskette
|
dosdir (directory)
|
Reads directory listing of a named
directory
|
dosread -D/dev/fd0 C41.TXT c41.txt Gets
C41.TXT from diskette drive fd0
|
|
dosread -D/dev/fd0 DIRECTORY/C41.TXT
c41.txt (-D option can be dropped if using fd0)
|
|
doswrite -D/dev/fd0 (unixfile) (dosfile)
|
Writes a file to diskette
|
dosdel (dosfile)
|
Deletes a dos file on diskette
|
dosformat
|
Formats the diskette
|
SENDMAIL
sendmail –bi
|
Creates new aliase db from /etc/aliase
file.newaliases
|
sendmail –bp
|
Displays the contents of the mail queue
mailq
|
sendmail –q
|
Processe the sendmail queue NOW
|
sendmail -bt -d0.4 < /dev/null
|
|
refresh -s sendmail
|
Prints out sendmail version, compile
defines and system information
|
kill -l (sendmail PID)
|
Restart sendmail
|
MISCELLENEOUS
oslevel
|
Returns operating system level
|
whence (program)
|
Returns full path of program
|
whereis (program)
|
Returms full path of program
|
what (program)
|
Displays identifying info from the
executable like version number, when compiled.
|
lslpp -L
|
all list all installed software
|
lslpp -L
|
(program set name) Check if software
installed
|
lslpp -f
|
Lists filesets vs packages
|
lslpp -ha
|
Lists installation history of filesets
|
compress -c file.txt > file.Z
|
Create a compressed file.
|
od -c /tmp
|
Displays contents of the /tmp directory
file
|
ls -i
|
Lists files with their inode numbers
|
echo *
|
Lists files, can be used if ls is
corrupt/missing
|
alog -o -t boot
|
View the boot log
|
chtz (timezone eg GMT0BST)
|
Changes the timezone in /etc/environment
file
|
chlang (language eg En_GB)
|
Changes the language in /etc/environment
file
|
ar -v -t (archive file)
|
List contents of an archive
|
ar -v -x (archive file)
|
Extracts the archive
|
ar -v -t /usr/lib/libC-r.a
|
Lists contents of the libC_r.a library
|
find /source -print | cpio -pdm /target
|
Copying directories using cpio, creates
/target/source directory.
|
dump -nTv (binary executable)
|
Displays the contents of an executable
file
|
dump –c
|
Displays string information
|
dump –o
|
Displays object file headers
|
dump –l
|
Displays line numbers
|
dump –s
|
Displays the text section
|
snap -ao /dev/rmt0
|
Create a snapshot onto tape
|
snap -ad (directory)
|
Create a snapshot into a named directory
other than the default (/tmp/ibmsupt)
|
/usr/dt/bin/dtconfig –d
|
Disables desktop logins
|
/usr/dt/bin/dtconfig –e
|
Enables desktop logins
|
/var/dt/Xpid
|
PID of the dtlogin process
|
TERMINALS
tty
|
Displays what the tty/pty number of terminal
is.
|
Termdef
|
reports the termtype setup in smit for the
tty port that termdef is run on.
|
chdev -l (device eg tty1) -a term=vt100
|
Sets tty to a vt100 terminal type
|
penable tty0
|
adds getty line into /etc/inittab for
tty0 and starts getty
|
pdisable tty0
|
disables the getty line and disables
getty
|
penable / pdisable -a option is for all
|
|
stty erase ^?
|
Set backspace key for vt100 terminals
|
stty erase ^H
|
Set backspace key for wyse50 terminals
|
lscons
|
Displays the console device
|
chcons -a login=enable (device eg
/dev/tty1)
|
Changes the console device
|
for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
|
Create ttys on ports 0 to 7 on adapter
sa2 :-
|
do
|
|
mkdev -c tty1 -t tty -s rs232 -p sa2
-w$i -a login=enable -a term=vt100
|
|
done
|
|
portmir -t /dev/tty0
|
Mirror current terminal onto /dev/tty0
|
portmir –o
|
Turns off port mirroring
|
NETWORK
host (ip or hostname)
|
Resolves a hostname / ip address
|
hostname
|
Displays hostname
|
hostname (hostname)
|
Sets the hostname until next reboot
|
chdev -l (device name) -a
hostname=(hostname)
|
Changes hostname permanently
|
ifconfig (device name)
|
Displays network card settings
|
ifconfig (device name) up Turns on
network card
|
|
• Examples :
|
|
ifconfig en0 inet 194.35.52.1 netmask
255.255.255.0 up
|
|
ifconfig (device name) down
|
Turns off network card
|
ifconfig (device name) detach
|
Removes the network card from the
network interface list
|
ifconfig lo0 alias 195.60.60.1
|
Create alias ip address for loopback
|
route (add/delete) (-net/-host)
(destination) (gateway)
|
Adds or deletes routes to other networks
or hosts, does not update the ODM database and will be lost at reboot.
Example:
route add -net 194.60.89.0 194.60.90.4
|
lsattr -EHl inet0
|
Displays routes set in ODM and hostname
|
odmget -q "name=inet0" CuAt
|
Displays routes set in ODM and hostname
|
refresh -s inetd
|
Refresh inetd after changes to
inetd.conf
|
kill -1 (inetd PID)
|
Refresh inetd after changes to inted.conf
|
netstat –I
|
Displays interface statistics
|
entstat -d (ethernet adapter eg en0)
|
Displays ethernet statistics
|
arp –a
|
Displays ip to mac address table from
arp cache
|
traceroute (name or ipaddress)
|
Displays all the hops from source to
destination supplied.
|
ping -R (name or ipaddress)
|
Same as traceroute except repeats.
|
N.F.S.
Exportfs
|
Lists all exported filesystems
|
exportfs –a
|
Exports all fs's in /etc/exports file
|
exportfs -u (filesystem)
|
Un-exports a filesystem
|
mknfs
|
Configures and starts NFS services
|
rmnfs
|
Stops and un-configures NFS services
|
mknfsexp -d /directory
|
Creates an NFS export directory
|
mknfsmnt
|
Creates an NFS mount directory
|
mount hostname:/filesystem /mount-point
Mount an NFS filesystem
|
|
nfso –a
|
Display NFS Options
|
nfso -o option=value
|
|
Set an NFS Option
|
|
• Examples :
|
|
nfso -o nfs_use_reserved_port=1
|
MKSYSB
mkszfile –f
|
Creates /image.data file (4.x onwards)
|
mkszfile –X
|
Creates /fs.size file (3.x)
|
mksysb
|
(device eg /dev/rmt0)
|
CPIO ARCHIVE
find (filesystem) -print | cpio -ocv
> (filename or device)
|
eg find ./usr/ -print | cpio -ocv >
/dev/rmt0
|
CPIO RESTORE
cpio -ict < (filename or device) |
more Lists archive
|
|
cpio -icdv < (filename or device)
|
|
cpio -icdv < (filename or device)
("files or directories to restore")
|
|
Restore
directory and contents
|
cpio -icdv < /dev/rmt0
"tcpip/*"
|
Restore a named file
|
cpio -icdv < /dev/rmt0
"*resolve.conf"
|
TAR ARCHIVE
tar -cvf (filename or device)
|
("files or directories to
archive") tar -cvf /dev/rmt0 "/usr/*"
|
tar -tvf (filename or device)
|
Lists archive
|
tar -xvf (filename or device)
|
Restore all
|
tar -xvf (filename or device)
|
("files or directories to
restore") use -p option for restoring with orginal permissions
|
examples:
|
|
• Restore directory and contents
|
tar -xvf /dev/rmt0 "tcpip"
|
• Restore a named file
|
tar -xvf /dev/rmt0
"tcpip/resolve.conf"
|
AIX ARCHIVE
find (filesystem) -print | backup -iqvf
(filename or device)
|
Backup by filename. ( -u option updates
/etc/dumpdates file )
|
Example :
|
find /usr/ -print | backup -iqvf
/dev/rmt0
|
backup -(backup level 0 to 9) -f
(filename or device) ("filesystem")
|
Example : backup -0 -f /dev/rmt0 "/usr
|
Backup by inode. ( -u option updates
/etc/dumpdates file )
|
"
|
AIX RESTORE
restore -qTvf (filename or device)
|
Lists archiv
|
restore -qvxf (filename or device)
|
Restores all
|
restore -qvxf (filename or device)
("files or directories to restore")
|
use -d for restore directories)
|
• Restore /etc/passwd file
|
restore -qvxf /dev/rmt0.1
"./etc/passwd"
|
• Lists contents of a mksysb tape
|
restore -s4 -qTvf /dev/rmt0.1
|
BACKUPS ACROSS A NETWORK
find /data -print | cpio -ocv | dd
obs=32k | rsh remhost "dd ibs=32k obs=64k of=/dev/rmt0"
|
To run the backup on a local machine
(cpio) and backup on the remote machine's (remhost) tape drive (/dev/rmt0)
|
dd ibs=64k if=/dev/rmt0 | cpio –icvt
|
To restore/read the backup (cpio) on the
remote machine
|
rsh remhost "dd ibs=64k obs=32k
if=/dev/rmt0" | dd ibs=32k | cpio –icvt
|
To restore/read the backup (cpio) on the
local machine from the remote machine's (remhost) tape drive (/dev/rmt0)
|
rsh remhost "find /data -print |
cpio -icv | dd ibs=32k" | dd ibs=32k obs=64k of=/dev/rmt0
|
To run the backup (cpio) on a remote
machine (remhost) and backup to the local machines tape drive (/dev/rmt0)
|
COPYING DISKETTES
dd if=/dev/fd0 of=(filename) bs=36b
|
dd if=(filename) of=/dev/fd0 bs=36b
conv=sync or flcopy
|
COPYING TAPES
dd if=/dev/rmt0 of=(filename)
|
dd if=(filename) of=/dev/rmt0 tcopy
|
Editor
editor Commands
:g/xxx/s//yyy/
|
VI global change where xxx is to be
changed by yyy ( ctrl V to enter any character)
|
sed 's(ctrl v ctrl m)g//g' old.filename
> new.filename
|
Strips out ^M characters from ascii
files that have been transferred as binary. To enter crontrol characters type
ctrl v then ctrl ? where ? is whatever ctrl character you need.
|
TAPE
DRIVES
rmt0.x where x = A + B + C
|
|
A = density 0 = high 4 = low
|
|
B = retension 0 = no 2 = yes
|
|
C = rewind 0 = no 1 = yes
|
|
tctl -f (tape device) fsf (No)
|
Skips forward (No) tape markers
|
tctl -f (tape device) bsf (No)
|
Skips back (No) tape markers
|
tctl -f (tape device) rewind
|
Rewind the tape
|
tctl -f (tape device) offline
|
Eject the tape
|
tctl -f (tape device) status
|
Show status of tape drive
|
chdev -l rmt0 -a block_size=512
|
changes block size to 512 bytes
|
(4mm = 1024, 8mm = variable but 1024
recommended)
|
|
bootinfo –e
|
answer of 1 = machine can boot from a
tape drive
|
answer of 0 = machine CANNOT boot from
tape drive
|
|
diag -c -d (tape device)
|
Hardware reset a tape drive.
|
tapechk (No of files)
|
Checks Number of files on tape.
|
< /dev/rmt0
|
Rewinds the tape !!!
|
PRINTERS /
PRINT QUEUES
splp (device)
|
Displays/changes printer driver settings
|
• example:
|
splp /dev/lp0
|
export $LPDEST="pqname"
|
Set default printer queue for login
session
|
lsvirprt
|
Lists/changes virtual printer
attributes.
|
rmvirprt -q queuename -d queuedevice
|
Removes a virtual printer
|
qpri -#(job No) -a(new priority)
|
Change a queue job priority.
|
qhld -#(job No)
|
Put a hold on hold
|
qhld -r #(job No)
|
Release a held job
|
qchk –A
|
Status of jobs in queues
|
lpstat
|
|
lpstat -p(queue)
|
Status of jobs in a named queue
|
qcan -x (job No)
|
Cancel a job from a queue
|
cancel (job No
|
|
enq -U -P(queue
|
Enable a queue
|
enable (queue)
|
|
enq -D -P(queue)
|
Disable a queue
|
disable (queue)
|
|
qmov -m(new queue) -#(job No)
|
Move a job to another queue
|
startsrc -s qdaemon
|
Start qdaemon sub-system
|
lssrc -s qdaemon
|
List status of qdaemon sub-system
|
stop -s qdaemon
|
Stop qdaemon sub-system
|
SECURITY
Groups Lists out the groups that the
user is a member of
|
|
Setgroups Shows user and process groups
|
|
chmod abcd (filename)
|
|
Changes files/directory permissions
|
|
Where :
|
|
• a is (4 SUID) + (2 SGID) + (1 SVTX)
|
|
• b is (4 read) + (2 write) + (1 execute) permissions for owner
|
|
• c is (4 read) + (2 write) + (1 execute) permissions for group
|
|
• d is (4 read) + (2 write) + (1 execute) permissions for others
|
|
rwSrwxrwx = SUID -rwxrwSrwx = SGID
drwxrwxrwt = SVTX
|
|
chown (new owner) (filename)
|
Changes file/directory owners
|
chgrp (new group) (filename)
|
Changes file/directory groups
|
chown (new owner).(new group) (filename)
|
Do both !!!
|
umask
|
Displays umask settings
|
umask abc
|
Changes users umask settings
|
Where :
|
|
• ( 7 - a = new file read permissions)
|
|
• ( 7 - b = new file write permissions)
|
|
• ( 7 - c = new file execute permissions)
|
|
examples :
|
|
umask 022 =
|
|
• new file permissions of 755
|
|
• read write and execute for owner
|
|
• read and execute for group
|
|
• read and execute for other
|
|
•
|
|
mrgpwd > file.txt
|
Creates a standard password file in
file.txt
|
passwd
|
Change current user password
|
pwdadm (username)
|
Change a users password
|
pwdck -t ALL
|
Verifies the correctness of local
authentication
|
lsgroup ALL
|
Lists all groups on the system
|
mkgroup (new group)
|
Creates a group
|
chgroup (attribute) (group)
|
Change a group attribute
|
rmgroup (group)
|
Removes a group
|
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